Java字符串拼接的五種方法,哪種性能最好?
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來源 :?cnblogs.com/twzheng/p/5923642.html
> 字符串拼接一般使用“+”,但是“+”不能滿足大批量數(shù)據(jù)的處理,Java中有以下五種方法處理字符串拼接,各有優(yōu)缺點,程序開發(fā)應選擇合適的方法實現(xiàn)。
1. 加號 “+”
2. String contact() 方法
3. StringUtils.join() 方法
4. StringBuffer append() 方法
5. StringBuilder append() 方法
> 經(jīng)過簡單的程序測試,從執(zhí)行100次到90萬次的時間開銷如下表:
?
?由此可以看出:
1. 方法1 加號 “+” 拼接 和 方法2 String contact() 方法 適用于小數(shù)據(jù)量的操作,代碼簡潔方便,加號“+” 更符合我們的編碼和閱讀習慣;
2. 方法3 StringUtils.join() 方法 適用于將ArrayList轉換成字符串,就算90萬條數(shù)據(jù)也只需68ms,可以省掉循環(huán)讀取ArrayList的代碼;
3. 方法4 StringBuffer append() 方法 和 方法5 StringBuilder append() 方法 其實他們的本質(zhì)是一樣的,都是繼承自AbstractStringBuilder,效率最高,大批量的數(shù)據(jù)處理最好選擇這兩種方法。
4. 方法1 加號 “+” 拼接 和 方法2 String contact() 方法 的時間和空間成本都很高(分析在本文末尾),不能用來做批量數(shù)據(jù)的處理。
# 源代碼,供參考
package cnblogs.twzheng.lab2;/*** @author Tan Wenzheng**/import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;public?class?TestString?{private static final int max = 100;public void testPlus() {System.out.println(">>> testPlus() <<<");String str = "";long start = System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {str = str + "a";????????}long end = System.currentTimeMillis();long cost = end - start;System.out.println(" {str + \"a\"} cost=" + cost + " ms");????}public void testConcat() {????????System.out.println(">>>?testConcat()?<<<");????????String?str?=?"";long start = System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {str = str.concat("a");}????????long?end?=?System.currentTimeMillis();????????long?cost?=?end?-?start;System.out.println(" {str.concat(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");}public void testJoin() {????????System.out.println(">>>?testJoin()?<<<");long start = System.currentTimeMillis();????????List?list?=?new?ArrayList (); for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {list.add("a");}long end1 = System.currentTimeMillis();????????long?cost1?=?end1?-?start;StringUtils.join(list, "");long end = System.currentTimeMillis();????????long?cost?=?end?-?end1;System.out.println(" {list.add(\"a\")} cost1=" + cost1 + " ms");System.out.println(" {StringUtils.join(list, \"\")} cost=" + cost+ " ms");????}public void testStringBuffer() {System.out.println(">>> testStringBuffer() <<<");long start = System.currentTimeMillis();StringBuffer strBuffer = new StringBuffer();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {strBuffer.append("a");}strBuffer.toString();long end = System.currentTimeMillis();????????long?cost?=?end?-?start;System.out.println(" {strBuffer.append(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");}public void testStringBuilder() {????????System.out.println(">>>?testStringBuilder()?<<<");????????long?start?=?System.currentTimeMillis();StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {strBuilder.append("a");}????????strBuilder.toString();long end = System.currentTimeMillis();long cost = end - start;System.out.println(" {strBuilder.append(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");}}
# 測試結果:
1. 執(zhí)行100次, private static final int max = 100;
> testPlus() <<<{str + "a"} cost=0 ms> testConcat() <<<{str.concat("a")} cost=0 ms> testJoin() <<<{list.add("a")} cost1=0 ms{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=20 ms> testStringBuffer() <<<{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=0 ms> testStringBuilder() <<<{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=0 ms
2. 執(zhí)行1000次, private static final int max = 1000;
> testPlus() <<<{str + "a"} cost=10 ms> testConcat() <<<{str.concat("a")} cost=0 ms> testJoin() <<<{list.add("a")} cost1=0 ms{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=20 ms> testStringBuffer() <<<{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=0 ms> testStringBuilder() <<<{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=0 ms
3. 執(zhí)行1萬次, private static final int max = 10000;
> testPlus() <<<{str + "a"} cost=150 ms> testConcat() <<<{str.concat("a")} cost=70 ms> testJoin() <<<{list.add("a")} cost1=0 ms{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=30 ms> testStringBuffer() <<<{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=0 ms> testStringBuilder() <<<{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=0 ms
4. 執(zhí)行10萬次, private static final int max = 100000;
> testPlus() <<<{str + "a"} cost=4198 ms> testConcat() <<<{str.concat("a")} cost=1862 ms> testJoin() <<<{list.add("a")} cost1=21 ms{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=49 ms> testStringBuffer() <<<{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=10 ms> testStringBuilder() <<<{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=10 ms
5. 執(zhí)行20萬次, private static final int max = 200000;
> testPlus() <<<{str + "a"} cost=17196 ms> testConcat() <<<{str.concat("a")} cost=7653 ms> testJoin() <<<{list.add("a")} cost1=20 ms{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=51 ms> testStringBuffer() <<<{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=20 ms> testStringBuilder() <<<{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=16 ms
6. 執(zhí)行50萬次, private static final int max = 500000;
> testPlus() <<<{str + "a"} cost=124693 ms> testConcat() <<<{str.concat("a")} cost=49439 ms> testJoin() <<<{list.add("a")} cost1=21 ms{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=50 ms> testStringBuffer() <<<{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=20 ms> testStringBuilder() <<<{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=10 ms
7. 執(zhí)行90萬次, private static final int max = 900000;
> testPlus() <<<{str + "a"} cost=456739 ms> testConcat() <<<{str.concat("a")} cost=186252 ms> testJoin() <<<{list.add("a")} cost1=20 ms{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=68 ms> testStringBuffer() <<<{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=30 ms> testStringBuilder() <<<{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=24 ms
#? 查看源代碼,以及簡單分析
String contact 和 StringBuffer,StringBuilder 的源代碼都可以在Java庫里找到,有空可以研究研究。
1. 其實每次調(diào)用contact()方法就是一次數(shù)組的拷貝,雖然在內(nèi)存中是處理都是原子性操作,速度非常快,但是,最后的return語句會創(chuàng)建一個新String對象,限制了concat方法的速度。
public String concat(String str) {int otherLen = str.length();if (otherLen == 0) {return this;}int len = value.length;char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len + otherLen);str.getChars(buf, len);return new String(buf, true);}
2. StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 的append方法都繼承自AbstractStringBuilder,整個邏輯都只做字符數(shù)組的加長,拷貝,到最后也不會創(chuàng)建新的String對象,所以速度很快,完成拼接處理后在程序中用strBuffer.toString()來得到最終的字符串。
/*** Appends the specified string to this character sequence.** The characters of the {@code String} argument are appended, in* order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the* argument. If {@code str} is {@code null}, then the four* characters {@code "null"} are appended.** Let n be the length of this character sequence just prior to* execution of the {@code append} method. Then the character at* index k in the new character sequence is equal to the character* at index k in the old character sequence, if k is less* than n; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index* k-n in the argument {@code str}.** @param str a string.* @return a reference to this object.*/public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {if (str == null) str = "null";int len = str.length();ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);str.getChars(0, len, value, count);count += len;return this;}
/*** This method has the same contract as ensureCapacity, but is* never synchronized.*/private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {// overflow-conscious codeif (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);}/*** This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no* size check or synchronization.*/void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)newCapacity = minimumCapacity;if (newCapacity < 0) {if (minimumCapacity < 0) // overflowthrow new OutOfMemoryError();newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;}value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);}
3. 字符串的加號“+” 方法, 雖然編譯器對其做了優(yōu)化,使用StringBuilder的append方法進行追加,但是每循環(huán)一次都會創(chuàng)建一個StringBuilder對象,且都會調(diào)用toString方法轉換成字符串,所以開銷很大。
注:執(zhí)行一次字符串“+”,相當于 str = new StringBuilder(str).append("a").toString();
4. 本文開頭的地方統(tǒng)計了時間開銷,根據(jù)上述分析再想想空間的開銷。常說拿空間換時間,反過來是不是拿時間換到了空間呢,但是在這里,其實時間是消耗在了重復的不必要的工作上(生成新的對象,toString方法),所以對大批量數(shù)據(jù)做處理時,加號“+” 和 contact 方法絕對不能用,時間和空間成本都很高。
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