Linux 中【sed】 命令快速參考

目錄

• 一、sed 命令簡(jiǎn)介

• 輸入流

• 輸出流

• 二、sed 命令格式

• 常用選項(xiàng)

• 常用命令

• 正則表達(dá)式
  

• 三、使用舉例

• 內(nèi)容顯示

• 內(nèi)容替換

• 內(nèi)容添加

• 行刪除

• 行替換

• 內(nèi)容搜尋

• 級(jí)聯(lián)操作
  

GNU 官方文檔

一、sed 命令簡(jiǎn)介

sed命令的全稱(chēng)是：stream editor(數(shù)據(jù)流編輯器)，言下之意就是對(duì)流式數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理。

主要使用場(chǎng)景：對(duì)文本中的特定字符串進(jìn)行替換或者刪除。

它每次從輸入流中讀取一行內(nèi)容，去掉末尾的換行符之后，放在內(nèi)部的一個(gè)緩沖區(qū)中，

然后根據(jù)命令參數(shù)對(duì)緩沖區(qū)中數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理，最后把處理后數(shù)據(jù)輸出到輸出流中。

輸入流可以是：終端輸入內(nèi)容、管道、文件；

輸出流可以是：終端輸出、文件。

1. 輸入流：終端輸入

$ sed 's/my/your/g' -

這條指令意思是：把輸入字符中的字符串 "my" 替換成 "your"。

最后的 - 表示sed命令將會(huì)讀取用戶(hù)的輸入內(nèi)容，用戶(hù)輸入完一行內(nèi)容(按下回車(chē))：

this is my book

此時(shí)，sed就會(huì)接收到這行內(nèi)容，然后進(jìn)行處理，最后把處理結(jié)果輸出到終端屏幕上:

this is your book

當(dāng)處理完這行內(nèi)容之后，繼續(xù)等待讀取用戶(hù)的下一行輸入內(nèi)容。

2. 輸入流：管道

$ echo "this is my book" | sed 's/my/your/g'
this is your book

echo 命令的輸出結(jié)果，經(jīng)過(guò)管道被sed命令讀取，然后進(jìn)行處理，最后輸出到終端屏幕上。

3. 輸入流：文件

測(cè)試文件file.txt中內(nèi)容如下：

This is my book
This is my box

把文件中字符串my替換成your。

$ sed 's/my/his/g' file.txt
This is your book
This is your box

上面這條指令把處理結(jié)果輸出到終端屏幕上，對(duì)file.txt文件本身并沒(méi)有任何改動(dòng)。

如果想直接對(duì)文件進(jìn)行操作，那么就需要加上一個(gè)選項(xiàng)：-i，完整指令如下：

$ sed -i 's/my/his/g' file.txt

4. 輸出流

上面的幾個(gè)示例中， sed命令直接把輸出流(處理結(jié)果)輸出到終端屏幕上。

除此之外，sed還可以把輸出流通過(guò)管道傳遞給其它指令，例如：

$ echo "this is my book" | sed 's/my/your/g' | wc
      1       4      18

還可以讓sed把處理結(jié)果重導(dǎo)向到一個(gè)文件中：

$ echo "this is my book" | sed 's/my/your/g' > test.txt
$ cat test.txt 
this is your book

或者是直接在指令中通過(guò) w標(biāo)志指定輸出文件：

$ echo "this is my book" | sed 's/my/your/gw test.txt'
$ cat test.txt 
this is your book

二、sed 命令格式

$ sed [選項(xiàng)] [命令] [輸入文件]

常用選項(xiàng)：

-i: 直接對(duì)文件內(nèi)容進(jìn)行修改;

-e: 直接在指令列模式上進(jìn)行動(dòng)作編輯;

-f: 執(zhí)行一個(gè)文件內(nèi)的 sed 命令;

-n: 使用安靜模式;

-r: 使用擴(kuò)展的正則表達(dá)式來(lái)進(jìn)行內(nèi)容匹配;

常用命令：

a: 在當(dāng)前選擇行的后面追加一行;

i: 在當(dāng)前選擇行的前面追加一行;

c: 把當(dāng)前選擇行內(nèi)容進(jìn)行替換;

d: 刪除當(dāng)前選擇的行;

s: 對(duì)當(dāng)前行中選擇的字符串進(jìn)行替換;

g: 在當(dāng)前選擇行中進(jìn)行全部替換;

p: 打印選擇的行;

支持的正則表達(dá)式：

^: 行首定位符;

$: 行尾定位符;

.: 匹配除了換行符之外的其他任意一個(gè)字符;

+: 匹配前面一個(gè)字符重復(fù) 1 次或多次;

*: 匹配前面一個(gè)字符重復(fù) 0 次或多次;

{i}: 匹配前面一個(gè)字符重復(fù) i 次;

{i,}: 匹配前面一個(gè)字符重復(fù)至少 i 次;

{i,j}: 匹配前面一個(gè)字符重復(fù) i ~ j 次;

\n: 匹配換行符

三、使用舉例

為了便于演示，以下示例中的輸入流來(lái)自文件，輸出到終端屏幕上。

測(cè)試文件file.txt內(nèi)容：

line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

如果需要直接對(duì)文件進(jìn)行修改的話，加上-i選項(xiàng)即可。

內(nèi)容顯示

示例：顯示文件中第2行:

$ sed -n '2p' file.txt 
line2: That is your book, a nice book.

示例：顯示文件中第2 ~ 4行:

$ sed -n '2,4p' file.txt 
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.

示例：顯示文件中除了2 ~ 4行之外的其它行：

$ sed '2,4d' file.txt
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

內(nèi)容替換

示例：把每一行中的book替換成picture:

$ sed 's/book/picture/' file.txt 
line1: This is my picture, a nice book.
line2: That is your picture, a nice book.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

可以看到：第1、2行中只有第一個(gè)book字符串被替換了，后面的那個(gè)沒(méi)有被替換。

示例：如果要全部替換，需要加上g標(biāo)志，如下：

$ sed 's/book/picture/g' file.txt
line1: This is my picture, a nice picture.
line2: That is your picture, a nice picture.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

內(nèi)容替換的格式是：sed 's/old/new/g' flie，使用斜杠/進(jìn)行分割，在處理文件路徑時(shí)就顯得很麻煩，例如：

示例：把路徑分隔符進(jìn)行替換：

$ echo "/home/tmp" | sed 's/\//\\/g'
\home\tmp

此時(shí)，可以使用除了換行符之外的其他任意字符來(lái)替代，例如：

$ echo "/home/tmp" | sed 's#/#\\#g'
\home\tmp

\：因?yàn)榉葱备茏陨硎且粋€(gè)特殊的字符，所以需要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)義。

另外一個(gè)問(wèn)題：sed把每一行都輸出到屏幕上了，包括沒(méi)有匹配的那些行。

如何只顯示處理的那些行呢？

示例：把每一行中的book替換成picture: ，但是只顯示處理的行：

$ sed -n 's/book/picture/gp' file.txt
line1: This is my picture, a nice picture.
line2: That is your picture, a nice picture.

示例：將每一行中的第2個(gè)book替換成picture:

$ $ sed -n 's/book/picture/2p'  file.txt
line1: This is my book, a nice picture.
line2: That is your book, a nice picture.

示例：將2 ~ 3行中的book替換成picture:

$ sed  '2,3s/book/picture/g'  file.txt
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your picture, a nice picture.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：將 2 ~ 最后一行中的30替換成100:

$ sed  '2,$s/30/100/g'  file.txt
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 100 years old.
line4: You are 100 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：找出包含字符years的那些行，將這些行中的30替換成100:

$ sed  '/years/s/30/100/g'  file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 100 years old.
line4: You are 100 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：找出滿(mǎn)足 Th[is|at] 模式的那些行，將這些行中的book替換成picture:

$ sed  '/Th[is|at]/s/book/picture/g'  file.txt
line1: This is my picture, a nice picture.
line2: That is your picture, a nice picture.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：找出包含www 和 net的那些行，把bar替換成BAR:

$ sed '/www/,/net/ s/bar/BAR/' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxBAR.net!

示例：忽略大小寫(xiě)，把每行中的 OLD 替換成###:

$ sed 's/OLD/###/i'  file.txt
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 30 years ###.
line4: You are 30 years ###.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：從第2行開(kāi)始一直到包含am行之間的所有行中，把30替換成100:

$ sed '2,/am/s/30/100/' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 100 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：從包含am開(kāi)始的那行開(kāi)始一直到最后一行，把其中的數(shù)字替換成#:

$ sed '/am/,$ s/[0-9]/#/g' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line#: I am ## years old.
line#: You are ## years old.
line#: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：把每一行中的小寫(xiě)字母a替換成大寫(xiě)字符A, 小寫(xiě)字母b替換成大寫(xiě)字符B:

$ sed  'y/ab/AB/'  file.txt
line1: This is my Book, A nice Book.
line2: ThAt is your Book, A nice Book.
line3: I Am 30 yeArs old.
line4: You Are 30 yeArs old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxBAr.net!

內(nèi)容添加

示例：在第2行的前面添加一行內(nèi)容：

$ sed '2i\new line: hello' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
new line: hello
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：在第2行后面面添加一行內(nèi)容：

$ sed '2a\new line: hello' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
new line: hello
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

行刪除

示例：刪除2 ~ 4行:

$ sed '2,4d' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：刪除包含字符串book的行：

$ sed '/book/d' file.txt 
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

示例：刪除不包含字符串book的行：

$ sed '/book/!d' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.

示例：刪除空白行，包括空格

$ sed  '/^\s*$/d' file.txt
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
line2: That is your book, a nice book.
line3: I am 30 years old.
line4: You are 30 years old.
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

行替換

示例：把2 ~ 4行替換成delete:

$ sed '2,4 cdelete' file.txt 
line1: This is my book, a nice book.
delete
line5: Welcome to www.linuxbar.net!

內(nèi)容搜尋

示例：查找哪些行包含字符串old:

$ sed -n '/old/=' file.txt 
3
4

示例：統(tǒng)計(jì)文件中一共有多少行：

$ sed -n '$=' file.txt 
5

級(jí)聯(lián)操作

示例：把2 ~ 4行內(nèi)容中的book替換成picture，30替換成100：

$ sed -n '2,4p' file.txt | sed 's/book/picture/g' | sed 's/30/100/g'
line2: That is your picture, a nice picture.
line3: I am 100 years old.
line4: You are 100 years old.

示例：把2 ~ 4行內(nèi)容中的book替換成picture，30替換成100：

$ sed -n '2,4p' file.txt | sed  -e 's/book/picture/g' -e 's/30/100/g'
line2: That is your picture, a nice picture.
line3: I am 100 years old.
line4: You are 100 years old.