1. 用Python快速制作海報(bào)級(jí)地圖

        共 16250字,需瀏覽 33分鐘

         ·

        2021-09-22 20:20


        1 簡(jiǎn)介

        基于Python中諸如matplotlib等功能豐富、自由度極高的繪圖庫(kù),我們可以完成各種極富藝術(shù)感的可視化作品,關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)我在系列文章在模仿中精進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)可視化中已經(jīng)帶大家學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)很多案例了。

        而今天我要給大家介紹的這個(gè)Python庫(kù)prettymaps非常的有趣,基于它,我們只需要簡(jiǎn)單的代碼就可以對(duì)地球上給定坐標(biāo)和范圍的任意地區(qū)進(jìn)行地圖可視化??。

        2 利用prettymaps快速制作海報(bào)級(jí)地圖

        遺憾的是,prettymaps暫時(shí)還不能通過(guò)pipconda直接進(jìn)行安裝,但可以利用pip配合git從源碼倉(cāng)庫(kù)進(jìn)行安裝,對(duì)于國(guó)內(nèi)的用戶(hù)來(lái)說(shuō),可以使用下面的語(yǔ)句從github的鏡像地址快速安裝:

        pip install git+https://hub.fastgit.org/marceloprates/prettymaps.git

        安裝完成后,如果下面的語(yǔ)句執(zhí)行無(wú)誤,那么恭喜你已經(jīng)安裝完成:

        from prettymaps import *

        2.1 prettymaps的幾種使用方式

        prettymaps無(wú)需用戶(hù)自行準(zhǔn)備數(shù)據(jù),會(huì)根據(jù)用戶(hù)設(shè)定的坐標(biāo)和范圍大小來(lái)自動(dòng)從OpenStreetMap上獲取相應(yīng)范圍內(nèi)的矢量數(shù)據(jù)作為繪圖素材,主要有以下幾種使用方式:

        2.1.1 圓形模式

        prettymaps中最簡(jiǎn)單的繪圖模式為「圓形模式」,我們只需要傳入中心點(diǎn)經(jīng)緯度坐標(biāo),以及半徑范圍(單位:米)即可,下面的例子來(lái)自官方示例程序,我將其地點(diǎn)換成以上海外灘為中心向外2500米范圍:

        from prettymaps import *
        from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

        # 創(chuàng)建圖床
        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (1212), constrained_layout = True)

        layers = plot(
            (31.23346121.492154), # 圓心坐標(biāo),格式:(緯度, 經(jīng)度)
            radius = 2500# 半徑
            ax = ax, # 綁定圖床
            layers = {
                'perimeter': {}, # 控制繪圖模式,{}即相當(dāng)于圓形繪圖模式
                # 下面的參數(shù)用于定義從OsmStreetMap選擇獲取的矢量圖層要素,不了解的無(wú)需改動(dòng)照搬即可
                'streets': {
                    'custom_filter''["highway"~"motorway|trunk|primary|secondary|tertiary|residential|service|unclassified|pedestrian|footway"]',
                    'width': {
                        'motorway'5,
                        'trunk'5,
                        'primary'4.5,
                        'secondary'4,
                        'tertiary'3.5,
                        'residential'3,
                        'service'2,
                        'unclassified'2,
                        'pedestrian'2,
                        'footway'1,
                    }
                },
                'building': {'tags': {'building'True'landuse''construction'}, 'union'False},
                'water': {'tags': {'natural': ['water''bay']}},
                'green': {'tags': {'landuse''grass''natural': ['island''wood'], 'leisure''park'}},
                'forest': {'tags': {'landuse''forest'}},
                'parking': {'tags': {'amenity''parking''highway''pedestrian''man_made''pier'}}
            },
            # 下面的參數(shù)用于定義OpenStreetMap中不同矢量圖層的樣式,嫌麻煩的直接照抄下面的官方示例即可
            drawing_kwargs = {
                'background': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#dadbc1''hatch''ooo...''zorder'-1},
                'perimeter': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#dadbc1''lw'0'hatch''ooo...',  'zorder'0},
                'green': {'fc''#D0F1BF''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'1},
                'forest': {'fc''#64B96A''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'1},
                'water': {'fc''#a1e3ff''ec''#2F3737''hatch''ooo...''hatch_c''#85c9e6''lw'1'zorder'2},
                'parking': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'3},
                'streets': {'fc''#2F3737''ec''#475657''alpha'1'lw'0'zorder'3},
                'building': {'palette': ['#FFC857''#E9724C''#C5283D'], 'ec''#2F3737''lw'.5'zorder'4},
            },

            osm_credit = {'color''#2F3737'}
        )

        # 導(dǎo)出圖片文件
        plt.savefig('上海外灘-圓形模式.png', dpi=500)

        2.1.2 圓角矩形模式

        除了上述的「圓形模式」之外,prettymaps中還可以使用「圓角矩形模式」,同樣需要定義中心點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)和半徑,接著為參數(shù)layers下的每個(gè)鍵值對(duì)添加鍵值對(duì){'circle': False, 'dilate': 圓角半徑}即可,其中圓角半徑為數(shù)值型,這次我們換一個(gè)地方,以故宮為例,半徑選擇600米:

        # 創(chuàng)建圖床
        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (1212), constrained_layout = True)

        dilate = 100

        layers = plot(
            (39.91645697864148116.39077532493388), # 圓心坐標(biāo),格式:(緯度, 經(jīng)度)
            radius = 600# 半徑
            ax = ax, # 綁定圖床
            layers = {
                'perimeter': {'circle'False'dilate': dilate}, # 控制繪圖模式,{}即相當(dāng)于圓形繪圖模式
                # 下面的參數(shù)用于定義從OsmStreetMap選擇獲取的矢量圖層要素,不了解的無(wú)需改動(dòng)照搬即可
                'streets': {
                    'custom_filter''["highway"~"motorway|trunk|primary|secondary|tertiary|residential|service|unclassified|pedestrian|footway"]',
                    'width': {
                        'motorway'5,
                        'trunk'5,
                        'primary'4.5,
                        'secondary'4,
                        'tertiary'3.5,
                        'residential'3,
                        'service'2,
                        'unclassified'2,
                        'pedestrian'2,
                        'footway'1,
                    },
                    'circle'False'dilate': dilate
                },
                'building': {'tags': {'building'True'landuse''construction'}, 'union'False'circle'False'dilate': dilate},
                'water': {'tags': {'natural': ['water''bay']}, 'circle'False'dilate': dilate},
                'green': {'tags': {'landuse''grass''natural': ['island''wood'], 'leisure''park'}, 'circle'False'dilate': dilate},
                'forest': {'tags': {'landuse''forest'}, 'circle'False'dilate': dilate},
                'parking': {'tags': {'amenity''parking''highway''pedestrian''man_made''pier'}, 'circle'False'dilate': dilate}
            },
            # 下面的參數(shù)用于定義OpenStreetMap中不同矢量圖層的樣式,嫌麻煩的直接照抄下面的官方示例即可
            drawing_kwargs = {
                'background': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#dadbc1''hatch''ooo...''zorder'-1},
                'perimeter': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#dadbc1''lw'0'hatch''ooo...',  'zorder'0},
                'green': {'fc''#D0F1BF''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'1},
                'forest': {'fc''#64B96A''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'1},
                'water': {'fc''#a1e3ff''ec''#2F3737''hatch''ooo...''hatch_c''#85c9e6''lw'1'zorder'2},
                'parking': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'3},
                'streets': {'fc''#2F3737''ec''#475657''alpha'1'lw'0'zorder'3},
                'building': {'palette': ['#FFC857''#E9724C''#C5283D'], 'ec''#2F3737''lw'.5'zorder'4},
            },

            osm_credit = {'color''#2F3737'}
        )

        # 導(dǎo)出圖片文件
        plt.savefig('北京故宮-圓角矩形模式.png', dpi=500)

        2.1.3 添加文字內(nèi)容

        有了這樣美觀大方的藝術(shù)地圖,我們還可以基于matplotlib中自定義字體的方法,在地圖上添加標(biāo)注信息,仍然以上海外灘為例,我們利用外部的書(shū)法字體,在正中心繪制文字標(biāo)注信息:

        import matplotlib.font_manager as fm

        # 創(chuàng)建圖床
        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (1212), constrained_layout = True)

        layers = plot(
            (31.23346121.492154), # 圓心坐標(biāo),格式:(緯度, 經(jīng)度)
            radius = 2500# 半徑
            ax = ax, # 綁定圖床
            layers = {
                'perimeter': {}, # 控制繪圖模式,{}即相當(dāng)于圓形繪圖模式
                # 下面的參數(shù)用于定義從OsmStreetMap選擇獲取的矢量圖層要素,不了解的無(wú)需改動(dòng)照搬即可
                'streets': {
                    'custom_filter''["highway"~"motorway|trunk|primary|secondary|tertiary|residential|service|unclassified|pedestrian|footway"]',
                    'width': {
                        'motorway'5,
                        'trunk'5,
                        'primary'4.5,
                        'secondary'4,
                        'tertiary'3.5,
                        'residential'3,
                        'service'2,
                        'unclassified'2,
                        'pedestrian'2,
                        'footway'1,
                    }
                },
                'building': {'tags': {'building'True'landuse''construction'}, 'union'False},
                'water': {'tags': {'natural': ['water''bay']}},
                'green': {'tags': {'landuse''grass''natural': ['island''wood'], 'leisure''park'}},
                'forest': {'tags': {'landuse''forest'}},
                'parking': {'tags': {'amenity''parking''highway''pedestrian''man_made''pier'}}
            },
            # 下面的參數(shù)用于定義OpenStreetMap中不同矢量圖層的樣式,嫌麻煩的直接照抄下面的官方示例即可
            drawing_kwargs = {
                'background': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#dadbc1''hatch''ooo...''zorder'-1},
                'perimeter': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#dadbc1''lw'0'hatch''ooo...',  'zorder'0},
                'green': {'fc''#D0F1BF''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'1},
                'forest': {'fc''#64B96A''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'1},
                'water': {'fc''#a1e3ff''ec''#2F3737''hatch''ooo...''hatch_c''#85c9e6''lw'1'zorder'2},
                'parking': {'fc''#F2F4CB''ec''#2F3737''lw'1'zorder'3},
                'streets': {'fc''#2F3737''ec''#475657''alpha'1'lw'0'zorder'3},
                'building': {'palette': ['#FFC857''#E9724C''#C5283D'], 'ec''#2F3737''lw'.5'zorder'4},
            },

            osm_credit = {'color''#2F373700'}
        )

        # 添加文字標(biāo)注
        ax.text(
            0.50.5,
            '外灘, 上海',
            zorder = 6,
            ha='center',
            va='center',
            fontsize=120,
            fontproperties = fm.FontProperties(fname='FZZJ-HLYHXSJW.TTF'),
            transform=ax.transAxes
        )

        # 導(dǎo)出圖片文件
        plt.savefig('上海外灘-添加文字標(biāo)注.png', dpi=500)

        你可以找到你關(guān)注地點(diǎn)的經(jīng)緯度坐標(biāo),盡情地繪制出各種藝術(shù)地圖作品,譬如下面這些地標(biāo):


        以上就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容,歡迎在評(píng)論區(qū)與我進(jìn)行討論~

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