實(shí)戰(zhàn)：車牌識(shí)別之車牌定位
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從本節(jié)起，我們開(kāi)始嘗試做一下車牌識(shí)別中的算法部分。從上一節(jié)的基本框架圖中，可以看到，要想做車牌識(shí)別，第一步還是要知道車牌在圖片中的位置！
所以，萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)征第一步，我們先從車牌定位開(kāi)始吧。
車牌定位
尋找車牌對(duì)于人腦來(lái)說(shuō)真是小事一樁，這也是經(jīng)過(guò)千錘百煉的結(jié)果。但是對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)可能就沒(méi)有這么簡(jiǎn)單了。我們先來(lái)看看在物理世界什么是車牌，以及他們有什么特征。
我們以中國(guó)車牌為例，車牌的種類也是繁雜得很。從汽車類型上分有：
小型車號(hào)牌
大型車號(hào)牌
掛車號(hào)牌
使、領(lǐng)館汽車號(hào)牌
港澳出境車號(hào)牌
教練號(hào)牌
警車號(hào)牌
消防號(hào)牌
等等。。。
從車牌底色上看有:
藍(lán)色
黃色
綠色
白色
黑色
黃色+綠色
面對(duì)如此眾多的分類，最怕的就是一開(kāi)始就想做一個(gè)大而全的系統(tǒng)。敏捷開(kāi)發(fā)才是王道，我們以其中一個(gè)最普通的小型車號(hào)牌+藍(lán)色為例，找一找它的特征點(diǎn)：
1. 尺寸
寬440mm×高140mm的矩形
2. 顏色
背景為藍(lán)色，顯示內(nèi)容為白色
3. 內(nèi)容
以“滬A-88888”為例，格式為“漢字（省/直轄市縮寫）”+“大寫字母（市/區(qū)縮寫）”+“點(diǎn)（-）”+“5位大寫字母和數(shù)字的組合（隨機(jī)車牌號(hào)）”
好了，了解過(guò)了車牌的基本內(nèi)容，我們就要開(kāi)始思考如何在一張數(shù)字圖像上找到車牌。這里我們只利用兩個(gè)有用信息尺寸和顏色（內(nèi)容部分比較難，放在后面）。
尺寸因?yàn)閳D片大小和車牌遠(yuǎn)近的問(wèn)題，只能用到它的比例和矩形特征。我們可以嘗試找到符合寬高比在（2, 4）之間的矩形。那么車牌就在這些矩形里了。
顏色部分可以用來(lái)做精調(diào)，可以在上面的矩形里找到符合藍(lán)色覆蓋比例的部分。這樣一可以剔除那些非藍(lán)色的矩形，而來(lái)可以縮小矩形范圍提煉精確的車牌內(nèi)容。
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)上面兩個(gè)大思路，再具體一些可以分成如下七步：
1. 圖片縮放到固定的大小
由于加載圖片大小的差異，縮放到固定大小的最重要的原因是方便后面的模糊、開(kāi)、閉操作，可以用一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的內(nèi)核大小處理不同的圖片了。
def zoom(w, h, wMax, hMax):
# if w <= wMax and h <= hMax:
# return w, h
widthScale = 1.0 * wMax / w
heightScale = 1.0 * hMax / h
scale = min(widthScale, heightScale)
resizeWidth = int(w * scale)
resizeHeight = int(h * scale)
return resizeWidth, resizeHeight
# Step1: Resize
img = np.copy(self.imgOri)
h, w = img.shape[:2]
imgWidth, imgHeight = zoom(w, h, self.maxLength, self.maxLength)
print(w, h, imgWidth, imgHeight)
img =cv.resize(img, (imgWidth, imgHeight), interpolation=cv.INTER_AREA)
cv.imshow("imgResize", img) 
2. 圖片預(yù)處理
圖片預(yù)處理部分是最重要的，這里面所有做的操作都是給有效地尋找包絡(luò)服務(wù)的，其中用到了高斯模糊來(lái)降低噪聲，開(kāi)操作和加權(quán)來(lái)強(qiáng)化對(duì)比度，二值化和Canny邊緣檢測(cè)來(lái)找到物體輪廓，用先閉后開(kāi)操作找到整塊整塊的矩形。
# Step2: Prepare to find contours
img = cv.GaussianBlur(img, (3, 3), 0)
imgGary = cv.cvtColor(img, cv.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
cv.imshow("imgGary", imgGary)
kernel = np.ones((20, 20), np.uint8)
imgOpen = cv.morphologyEx(imgGary, cv.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
cv.imshow("imgOpen", imgOpen)
imgOpenWeight = cv.addWeighted(imgGary, 1, imgOpen, -1, 0)
cv.imshow("imgOpenWeight", imgOpenWeight)
ret, imgBin = cv.threshold(imgOpenWeight, 0, 255, cv.THRESH_OTSU + cv.THRESH_BINARY)
cv.imshow("imgBin", imgBin)
imgEdge = cv.Canny(imgBin, 100, 200)
cv.imshow("imgEdge", imgEdge)
kernel = np.ones((10, 19), np.uint8)
imgEdge = cv.morphologyEx(imgEdge, cv.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
imgEdge = cv.morphologyEx(imgEdge, cv.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
cv.imshow("imgEdgeProcessed", imgEdge) 
3. 尋找包絡(luò)
有了上面的處理，尋找包絡(luò)就簡(jiǎn)單多了。OpenCV的一個(gè)接口findContours就搞定！
# Step3: Find Contours
image, contours, hierarchy = cv.findContours(imgEdge, cv.RETR_TREE, cv.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
contours = [cnt for cnt in contours if cv.contourArea(cnt) > self.minArea] 4. 刪除一些物理尺寸不滿足的包絡(luò)
輪詢所有包絡(luò)，通過(guò)minAreaRect找到他們對(duì)應(yīng)的最小矩形。先通過(guò)寬、高比來(lái)刪除一些不符合條件的。
# Step4: Delete some rects
carPlateList = []
imgDark = np.zeros(img.shape, dtype = img.dtype)
for index, contour in enumerate(contours):
rect = cv.minAreaRect(contour) # [中心(x,y), (寬,高), 旋轉(zhuǎn)角度]
w, h = rect[1]
if w < h:
w, h = h, w
scale = w/h
if scale > 2 and scale < 4:
# color = (random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255))
color = (255, 255, 255)
carPlateList.append(rect)
cv.drawContours(imgDark, contours, index, color, 1, 8)
box = cv.boxPoints(rect) # Peak Coordinate
box = np.int0(box)
# Draw them out
cv.drawContours(imgDark, [box], 0, (0, 0, 255), 1)
cv.imshow("imgGaryContour", imgDark)
print("Vehicle number: ", len(carPlateList)) 
5. 重映射
這里做的是仿射變換，為什么要做這個(gè)呢？原因是因?yàn)榕臄z角度的原因，我們得到的矩形通常是由寫偏角的，這里希望把它們擺正。
# Step5: Rect rectify
imgPlatList = []
for index, carPlat in enumerate(carPlateList):
if carPlat[2] > -1 and carPlat[2] < 1:
angle = 1
else:
angle = carPlat[2]
carPlat = (carPlat[0], (carPlat[1][0] + 5, carPlat[1][1] + 5), angle)
box = cv.boxPoints(carPlat)
# Which point is Left/Right/Top/Bottom
w, h = carPlat[1][0], carPlat[1][1]
if w > h:
LT = box[1]
LB = box[0]
RT = box[2]
RB = box[3]
else:
LT = box[2]
LB = box[1]
RT = box[3]
RB = box[0]
for point in [LT, LB, RT, RB]:
pointLimit(point, imgWidth, imgHeight)
# Do warpAffine
newLB = [LT[0], LB[1]]
newRB = [RB[0], LB[1]]
oldTriangle = np.float32([LT, LB, RB])
newTriangle = np.float32([LT, newLB, newRB])
warpMat = cv.getAffineTransform(oldTriangle, newTriangle)
imgAffine = cv.warpAffine(img, warpMat, (imgWidth, imgHeight))
cv.imshow("imgAffine" + str(index), imgAffine)
print("Index: ", index)
imgPlat = imgAffine[int(LT[1]):int(newLB[1]), int(newLB[0]):int(newRB[0])]
imgPlatList.append(imgPlat)
cv.imshow("imgPlat" + str(index), imgPlat) 
需要注意的是這里用了boxPoints接口獲取了矩形的四個(gè)點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)，需要通過(guò)這四個(gè)點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)對(duì)應(yīng)矩形的左上、右上、左下、右下四個(gè)點(diǎn)，才能給后面的warpAffine仿射變換做鋪墊。
函數(shù) cv2.minAreaRect() 返回一個(gè)Box2D結(jié)構(gòu)rect：（最小外接矩形的中心（x，y），（寬度，高度），旋轉(zhuǎn)角度），但是要繪制這個(gè)矩形，我們需要矩形的4個(gè)頂點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)box, 通過(guò)函數(shù) cv2.cv.BoxPoints() 獲得，返回形式[ [x0,y0], [x1,y1], [x2,y2], [x3,y3] ]。得到的最小外接矩形的4個(gè)頂點(diǎn)順序、中心坐標(biāo)、寬度、高度、旋轉(zhuǎn)角度（是度數(shù)形式，不是弧度數(shù)）的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系如下：
6. 定車牌顏色
基本思路就是把上面重映射后的圖片轉(zhuǎn)換到HSV空間，然后通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)全部像素的個(gè)數(shù)以及單個(gè)顏色對(duì)應(yīng)的個(gè)數(shù)，如果滿足藍(lán)色占了全部像素的1/3及以上的時(shí)候，就認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)藍(lán)色車牌。
#Step6: Find correct place by color.
colorList = []
for index, imgPlat in enumerate(imgPlatList):
green = yellow = blue = 0
imgHsv = cv.cvtColor(imgPlat, cv.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
rows, cols = imgHsv.shape[:2]
imgSize = cols * rows
color = None
for row in range(rows):
for col in range(cols):
H = imgHsv.item(row, col, 0)
S = imgHsv.item(row, col, 1)
V = imgHsv.item(row, col, 2)
if 11 < H <= 34 and S > 34:
yellow += 1
elif 35 < H <= 99 and S > 34:
green += 1
elif 99 < H <= 124 and S > 34:
blue += 1
limit1 = limit2 = 0
if yellow * 3 >= imgSize:
color = "yellow"
limit1 = 11
limit2 = 34
elif green * 3 >= imgSize:
color = "green"
limit1 = 35
limit2 = 99
elif blue * 3 >= imgSize:
color = "blue"
limit1 = 100
limit2 = 124
print("Image Index[", index, '], Color：', color)
colorList.append(color)
print(blue, green, yellow, imgSize)
if color is None:
continue 附：
HSV空間下的顏色判斷關(guān)系表。
7. 根據(jù)顏色重新裁剪、篩選圖片
我們知道了車牌顏色之后，就可以通過(guò)逐行、逐列掃描，把車牌精確到更小的范圍，這樣還可以通過(guò)寬高比剔除一些不正確的矩形，而且還得到了精確唯一車牌圖像內(nèi)容！
def accurate_place(self, imgHsv, limit1, limit2, color):
rows, cols = imgHsv.shape[:2]
left = cols
right = 0
top = rows
bottom = 0
# rowsLimit = 21
rowsLimit = rows * 0.8 if color != "green" else rows * 0.5 # 綠色有漸變
colsLimit = cols * 0.8 if color != "green" else cols * 0.5 # 綠色有漸變
for row in range(rows):
count = 0
for col in range(cols):
H = imgHsv.item(row, col, 0)
S = imgHsv.item(row, col, 1)
V = imgHsv.item(row, col, 2)
if limit1 < H <= limit2 and 34 < S:# and 46 < V:
count += 1
if count > colsLimit:
if top > row:
top = row
if bottom < row:
bottom = row
for col in range(cols):
count = 0
for row in range(rows):
H = imgHsv.item(row, col, 0)
S = imgHsv.item(row, col, 1)
V = imgHsv.item(row, col, 2)
if limit1 < H <= limit2 and 34 < S:# and 46 < V:
count += 1
if count > rowsLimit:
if left > col:
left = col
if right < col:
right = col
return left, right, top, bottom
# Step7: Resize vehicle img.
left, right, top, bottom = self.accurate_place(imgHsv, limit1, limit2, color)
w = right - left
h = bottom - top
if left == right or top == bottom:
continue
scale = w/h
if scale < 2 or scale > 4:
continue
needAccurate = False
if top >= bottom:
top = 0
bottom = rows
needAccurate = True
if left >= right:
left = 0
right = cols
needAccurate = True
# imgPlat[index] = imgPlat[top:bottom, left:right] \
# if color != "green" or top < (bottom - top) // 4 \
# else imgPlat[top - (bottom - top) // 4:bottom, left:right]
imgPlatList[index] = imgPlat[top:bottom, left:right]
cv.imshow("Vehicle Image " + str(index), imgPlatList[index]) 
好了，我們終于拿到了最終結(jié)果，下一步就是把這里面的內(nèi)容提取出來(lái)吧！
目前遇到的問(wèn)題：
1. 獲取矩形如果傾斜有角度，仿射變換后更偏了，不知道后面內(nèi)容提取容易分離不。
全部代碼：
import cv2 as cv
import numpy as np
from numpy.linalg import norm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sys, os, json, random
class LPRAlg:
maxLength = 700
minArea = 2000
def __init__(self, imgPath = None):
if imgPath is None:
print("Please input correct path!")
return None
self.imgOri = cv.imread(imgPath)
if self.imgOri is None:
print("Cannot load this picture!")
return None
# cv.imshow("imgOri", self.imgOri)
def accurate_place(self, imgHsv, limit1, limit2, color):
rows, cols = imgHsv.shape[:2]
left = cols
right = 0
top = rows
bottom = 0
# rowsLimit = 21
rowsLimit = rows * 0.8 if color != "green" else rows * 0.5 # 綠色有漸變
colsLimit = cols * 0.8 if color != "green" else cols * 0.5 # 綠色有漸變
for row in range(rows):
count = 0
for col in range(cols):
H = imgHsv.item(row, col, 0)
S = imgHsv.item(row, col, 1)
V = imgHsv.item(row, col, 2)
if limit1 < H <= limit2 and 34 < S:# and 46 < V:
count += 1
if count > colsLimit:
if top > row:
top = row
if bottom < row:
bottom = row
for col in range(cols):
count = 0
for row in range(rows):
H = imgHsv.item(row, col, 0)
S = imgHsv.item(row, col, 1)
V = imgHsv.item(row, col, 2)
if limit1 < H <= limit2 and 34 < S:# and 46 < V:
count += 1
if count > rowsLimit:
if left > col:
left = col
if right < col:
right = col
return left, right, top, bottom
def findVehiclePlate(self):
def zoom(w, h, wMax, hMax):
# if w <= wMax and h <= hMax:
# return w, h
widthScale = 1.0 * wMax / w
heightScale = 1.0 * hMax / h
scale = min(widthScale, heightScale)
resizeWidth = int(w * scale)
resizeHeight = int(h * scale)
return resizeWidth, resizeHeight
def pointLimit(point, maxWidth, maxHeight):
if point[0] < 0:
point[0] = 0
if point[0] > maxWidth:
point[0] = maxWidth
if point[1] < 0:
point[1] = 0
if point[1] > maxHeight:
point[1] = maxHeight
if self.imgOri is None:
print("Please load picture frist!")
return False
# Step1: Resize
img = np.copy(self.imgOri)
h, w = img.shape[:2]
imgWidth, imgHeight = zoom(w, h, self.maxLength, self.maxLength)
print(w, h, imgWidth, imgHeight)
img =cv.resize(img, (imgWidth, imgHeight), interpolation=cv.INTER_AREA)
cv.imshow("imgResize", img)
# Step2: Prepare to find contours
img = cv.GaussianBlur(img, (3, 3), 0)
imgGary = cv.cvtColor(img, cv.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
cv.imshow("imgGary", imgGary)
kernel = np.ones((20, 20), np.uint8)
imgOpen = cv.morphologyEx(imgGary, cv.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
cv.imshow("imgOpen", imgOpen)
imgOpenWeight = cv.addWeighted(imgGary, 1, imgOpen, -1, 0)
cv.imshow("imgOpenWeight", imgOpenWeight)
ret, imgBin = cv.threshold(imgOpenWeight, 0, 255, cv.THRESH_OTSU + cv.THRESH_BINARY)
cv.imshow("imgBin", imgBin)
imgEdge = cv.Canny(imgBin, 100, 200)
cv.imshow("imgEdge", imgEdge)
kernel = np.ones((10, 19), np.uint8)
imgEdge = cv.morphologyEx(imgEdge, cv.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
imgEdge = cv.morphologyEx(imgEdge, cv.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
cv.imshow("imgEdgeProcessed", imgEdge)
# Step3: Find Contours
image, contours, hierarchy = cv.findContours(imgEdge, cv.RETR_TREE, cv.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
contours = [cnt for cnt in contours if cv.contourArea(cnt) > self.minArea]
# Step4: Delete some rects
carPlateList = []
imgDark = np.zeros(img.shape, dtype = img.dtype)
for index, contour in enumerate(contours):
rect = cv.minAreaRect(contour) # [中心(x,y), (寬,高), 旋轉(zhuǎn)角度]
w, h = rect[1]
if w < h:
w, h = h, w
scale = w/h
if scale > 2 and scale < 4:
# color = (random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255))
color = (255, 255, 255)
carPlateList.append(rect)
cv.drawContours(imgDark, contours, index, color, 1, 8)
box = cv.boxPoints(rect) # Peak Coordinate
box = np.int0(box)
# Draw them out
cv.drawContours(imgDark, [box], 0, (0, 0, 255), 1)
cv.imshow("imgGaryContour", imgDark)
print("Vehicle number: ", len(carPlateList))
# Step5: Rect rectify
imgPlatList = []
for index, carPlat in enumerate(carPlateList):
if carPlat[2] > -1 and carPlat[2] < 1:
angle = 1
else:
angle = carPlat[2]
carPlat = (carPlat[0], (carPlat[1][0] + 5, carPlat[1][1] + 5), angle)
box = cv.boxPoints(carPlat)
# Which point is Left/Right/Top/Bottom
w, h = carPlat[1][0], carPlat[1][1]
if w > h:
LT = box[1]
LB = box[0]
RT = box[2]
RB = box[3]
else:
LT = box[2]
LB = box[1]
RT = box[3]
RB = box[0]
for point in [LT, LB, RT, RB]:
pointLimit(point, imgWidth, imgHeight)
# Do warpAffine
newLB = [LT[0], LB[1]]
newRB = [RB[0], LB[1]]
oldTriangle = np.float32([LT, LB, RB])
newTriangle = np.float32([LT, newLB, newRB])
warpMat = cv.getAffineTransform(oldTriangle, newTriangle)
imgAffine = cv.warpAffine(img, warpMat, (imgWidth, imgHeight))
cv.imshow("imgAffine" + str(index), imgAffine)
print("Index: ", index)
imgPlat = imgAffine[int(LT[1]):int(newLB[1]), int(newLB[0]):int(newRB[0])]
imgPlatList.append(imgPlat)
cv.imshow("imgPlat" + str(index), imgPlat)
#Step6: Find correct place by color.
colorList = []
for index, imgPlat in enumerate(imgPlatList):
green = yellow = blue = 0
imgHsv = cv.cvtColor(imgPlat, cv.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
rows, cols = imgHsv.shape[:2]
imgSize = cols * rows
color = None
for row in range(rows):
for col in range(cols):
H = imgHsv.item(row, col, 0)
S = imgHsv.item(row, col, 1)
V = imgHsv.item(row, col, 2)
if 11 < H <= 34 and S > 34:
yellow += 1
elif 35 < H <= 99 and S > 34:
green += 1
elif 99 < H <= 124 and S > 34:
blue += 1
limit1 = limit2 = 0
if yellow * 3 >= imgSize:
color = "yellow"
limit1 = 11
limit2 = 34
elif green * 3 >= imgSize:
color = "green"
limit1 = 35
limit2 = 99
elif blue * 3 >= imgSize:
color = "blue"
limit1 = 100
limit2 = 124
print("Image Index[", index, '], Color：', color)
colorList.append(color)
print(blue, green, yellow, imgSize)
if color is None:
continue
# Step7: Resize vehicle img.
left, right, top, bottom = self.accurate_place(imgHsv, limit1, limit2, color)
w = right - left
h = bottom - top
if left == right or top == bottom:
continue
scale = w/h
if scale < 2 or scale > 4:
continue
needAccurate = False
if top >= bottom:
top = 0
bottom = rows
needAccurate = True
if left >= right:
left = 0
right = cols
needAccurate = True
# imgPlat[index] = imgPlat[top:bottom, left:right] \
# if color != "green" or top < (bottom - top) // 4 \
# else imgPlat[top - (bottom - top) // 4:bottom, left:right]
imgPlatList[index] = imgPlat[top:bottom, left:right]
cv.imshow("Vehicle Image " + str(index), imgPlatList[index])
if __name__ == '__main__':
L = LPRAlg("3.jfif")
L.findVehiclePlate()
cv.waitKey(0)交流群
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