高并發(fā)場景下的 httpClient 優(yōu)化使用
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原文:blog.csdn.net/u010285974/article/details/85696239
作者:仰望星空的塵埃
HttpClient優(yōu)化思路:
池化 長連接 httpclient和httpget復(fù)用 合理的配置參數(shù)(最大并發(fā)請求數(shù),各種超時時間,重試次數(shù)) 異步 6、多讀源碼
1.背景
我們有個業(yè)務(wù),會調(diào)用其他部門提供的一個基于http的服務(wù),日調(diào)用量在千萬級別。使用了httpclient來完成業(yè)務(wù)。之前因?yàn)閝ps上不去,就看了一下業(yè)務(wù)代碼,并做了一些優(yōu)化,記錄在這里。
先對比前后:優(yōu)化之前,平均執(zhí)行時間是250ms;優(yōu)化之后,平均執(zhí)行時間是80ms,降低了三分之二的消耗,容器不再動不動就報警線程耗盡了,清爽~
2.分析
項目的原實(shí)現(xiàn)比較粗略,就是每次請求時初始化一個httpclient,生成一個httpPost對象,執(zhí)行,然后從返回結(jié)果取出entity,保存成一個字符串,最后顯式關(guān)閉response和client。我們一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)分析和優(yōu)化:
2.1 httpclient反復(fù)創(chuàng)建開銷
httpclient是一個線程安全的類,沒有必要由每個線程在每次使用時創(chuàng)建,全局保留一個即可。
2.2 反復(fù)創(chuàng)建tcp連接的開銷
tcp的三次握手與四次揮手兩大裹腳布過程,對于高頻次的請求來說,消耗實(shí)在太大。試想如果每次請求我們需要花費(fèi)5ms用于協(xié)商過程,那么對于qps為100的單系統(tǒng),1秒鐘我們就要花500ms用于握手和揮手。又不是高級領(lǐng)導(dǎo),我們程序員就不要搞這么大做派了,改成keep alive方式以實(shí)現(xiàn)連接復(fù)用!
2.3 重復(fù)緩存entity的開銷
原本的邏輯里,使用了如下代碼:
HttpEntity?entity?=?httpResponse.getEntity();
String?response?=?EntityUtils.toString(entity);
這里我們相當(dāng)于額外復(fù)制了一份content到一個字符串里,而原本的httpResponse仍然保留了一份content,需要被consume掉,在高并發(fā)且content非常大的情況下,會消耗大量內(nèi)存。并且,我們需要顯式的關(guān)閉連接,ugly。
3.實(shí)現(xiàn)
按上面的分析,我們主要要做三件事:一是單例的client,二是緩存的保活連接,三是更好的處理返回結(jié)果。一就不說了,來說說二。
提到連接緩存,很容易聯(lián)想到數(shù)據(jù)庫連接池。httpclient4提供了一個PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager 作為連接池。接下來我們通過以下步驟來優(yōu)化:
3.1 定義一個keep alive strategy
關(guān)于keep-alive,本文不展開說明,只提一點(diǎn),是否使用keep-alive要根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)情況來定,它并不是靈丹妙藥。還有一點(diǎn),keep-alive和time_wait/close_wait之間也有不少故事。
在本業(yè)務(wù)場景里,我們相當(dāng)于有少數(shù)固定客戶端,長時間極高頻次的訪問服務(wù)器,啟用keep-alive非常合適
再多提一嘴,http的keep-alive 和tcp的KEEPALIVE不是一個東西?;氐秸模x一個strategy如下:
ConnectionKeepAliveStrategy?myStrategy?=?new?ConnectionKeepAliveStrategy()?{
????@Override
????public?long?getKeepAliveDuration(HttpResponse?response,?HttpContext?context)?{
????????HeaderElementIterator?it?=?new?BasicHeaderElementIterator
????????????(response.headerIterator(HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE));
????????while?(it.hasNext())?{
????????????HeaderElement?he?=?it.nextElement();
????????????String?param?=?he.getName();
????????????String?value?=?he.getValue();
????????????if?(value?!=?null?&&?param.equalsIgnoreCase
???????????????("timeout"))?{
????????????????return?Long.parseLong(value)?*?1000;
????????????}
????????}
????????return?60?*?1000;//如果沒有約定,則默認(rèn)定義時長為60s
????}
};
3.2 配置一個PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager?connectionManager?=?new?PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
connectionManager.setMaxTotal(500);
connectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(50);//例如默認(rèn)每路由最高50并發(fā),具體依據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)來定
也可以針對每個路由設(shè)置并發(fā)數(shù)。
3.3 生成httpclient
httpClient?=?HttpClients.custom()
????.setConnectionManager(connectionManager)
????.setKeepAliveStrategy(kaStrategy)
????.setDefaultRequestConfig(RequestConfig.custom().setStaleConnectionCheckEnabled(true).build())
????.build();
注意:使用setStaleConnectionCheckEnabled方法來逐出已被關(guān)閉的鏈接不被推薦。更好的方式是手動啟用一個線程,定時運(yùn)行closeExpiredConnections 和closeIdleConnections方法,如下所示。
public?static?class?IdleConnectionMonitorThread?extends?Thread?{
????
????private?final?HttpClientConnectionManager?connMgr;
????private?volatile?boolean?shutdown;
????
????public?IdleConnectionMonitorThread(HttpClientConnectionManager?connMgr)?{
????????super();
????????this.connMgr?=?connMgr;
????}
?
????@Override
????public?void?run()?{
????????try?{
????????????while?(!shutdown)?{
????????????????synchronized?(this)?{
????????????????????wait(5000);
????????????????????//?Close?expired?connections
????????????????????connMgr.closeExpiredConnections();
????????????????????//?Optionally,?close?connections
????????????????????//?that?have?been?idle?longer?than?30?sec
????????????????????connMgr.closeIdleConnections(30,?TimeUnit.SECONDS);
????????????????}
????????????}
????????}?catch?(InterruptedException?ex)?{
????????????//?terminate
????????}
????}
????
????public?void?shutdown()?{
????????shutdown?=?true;
????????synchronized?(this)?{
????????????notifyAll();
????????}
????}
????
}
3.4 使用httpclient執(zhí)行method時降低開銷
這里要注意的是,不要關(guān)閉connection。
一種可行的獲取內(nèi)容的方式類似于,把entity里的東西復(fù)制一份:
res?=?EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(),"UTF-8");
EntityUtils.consume(response1.getEntity());
但是,更推薦的方式是定義一個ResponseHandler,方便你我他,不再自己catch異常和關(guān)閉流。在此我們可以看一下相關(guān)的源碼:
public??T?execute(final?HttpHost?target,?final?HttpRequest?request,
????????????final?ResponseHandler?extends?T>?responseHandler,?final?HttpContext?context)
????????????throws?IOException,?ClientProtocolException?{
????????Args.notNull(responseHandler,?"Response?handler");
?
????????final?HttpResponse?response?=?execute(target,?request,?context);
?
????????final?T?result;
????????try?{
????????????result?=?responseHandler.handleResponse(response);
????????}?catch?(final?Exception?t)?{
????????????final?HttpEntity?entity?=?response.getEntity();
????????????try?{
????????????????EntityUtils.consume(entity);
????????????}?catch?(final?Exception?t2)?{
????????????????//?Log?this?exception.?The?original?exception?is?more
????????????????//?important?and?will?be?thrown?to?the?caller.
????????????????this.log.warn("Error?consuming?content?after?an?exception.",?t2);
????????????}
????????????if?(t?instanceof?RuntimeException)?{
????????????????throw?(RuntimeException)?t;
????????????}
????????????if?(t?instanceof?IOException)?{
????????????????throw?(IOException)?t;
????????????}
????????????throw?new?UndeclaredThrowableException(t);
????????}
?
????????//?Handling?the?response?was?successful.?Ensure?that?the?content?has
????????//?been?fully?consumed.
????????final?HttpEntity?entity?=?response.getEntity();
????????EntityUtils.consume(entity);//看這里看這里
????????return?result;
????}
可以看到,如果我們使用resultHandler執(zhí)行execute方法,會最終自動調(diào)用consume方法,而這個consume方法如下所示:
public?static?void?consume(final?HttpEntity?entity)?throws?IOException?{
????????if?(entity?==?null)?{
????????????return;
????????}
????????if?(entity.isStreaming())?{
????????????final?InputStream?instream?=?entity.getContent();
????????????if?(instream?!=?null)?{
????????????????instream.close();
????????????}
????????}
????}
可以看到最終它關(guān)閉了輸入流。
4.其他
通過以上步驟,基本就完成了一個支持高并發(fā)的httpclient的寫法,下面是一些額外的配置和提醒:
4.1 httpclient的一些超時配置
CONNECTION_TIMEOUT是連接超時時間,SO_TIMEOUT是socket超時時間,這兩者是不同的。連接超時時間是發(fā)起請求前的等待時間;socket超時時間是等待數(shù)據(jù)的超時時間。
HttpParams?params?=?new?BasicHttpParams();
//設(shè)置連接超時時間
Integer?CONNECTION_TIMEOUT?=?2?*?1000;?//設(shè)置請求超時2秒鐘?根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)調(diào)整
Integer?SO_TIMEOUT?=?2?*?1000;?//設(shè)置等待數(shù)據(jù)超時時間2秒鐘?根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)調(diào)整
?
//定義了當(dāng)從ClientConnectionManager中檢索ManagedClientConnection實(shí)例時使用的毫秒級的超時時間
//這個參數(shù)期望得到一個java.lang.Long類型的值。如果這個參數(shù)沒有被設(shè)置,默認(rèn)等于CONNECTION_TIMEOUT,因此一定要設(shè)置。
Long?CONN_MANAGER_TIMEOUT?=?500L;?//在httpclient4.2.3中我記得它被改成了一個對象導(dǎo)致直接用long會報錯,后來又改回來了
?
params.setIntParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT,?CONNECTION_TIMEOUT);
params.setIntParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.SO_TIMEOUT,?SO_TIMEOUT);
params.setLongParameter(ClientPNames.CONN_MANAGER_TIMEOUT,?CONN_MANAGER_TIMEOUT);
//在提交請求之前?測試連接是否可用
params.setBooleanParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.STALE_CONNECTION_CHECK,?true);
?
//另外設(shè)置http client的重試次數(shù),默認(rèn)是3次;當(dāng)前是禁用掉(如果項目量不到,這個默認(rèn)即可)
httpClient.setHttpRequestRetryHandler(new?DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler(0,?false));
4.2 如果配置了nginx的話,nginx也要設(shè)置面向兩端的keep-alive
現(xiàn)在的業(yè)務(wù)里,沒有nginx的情況反而比較稀少。nginx默認(rèn)和client端打開長連接而和server端使用短鏈接。注意client端的keepalive_timeout和keepalive_requests參數(shù),以及upstream端的keepalive參數(shù)設(shè)置,這三個參數(shù)的意義在此也不再贅述。
以上就是我的全部設(shè)置。通過這些設(shè)置,成功地將原本每次請求250ms的耗時降低到了80左右,效果顯著。
JAR包如下:
<dependency>
????<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponentsgroupId>
????<artifactId>httpclientartifactId>
????<version>4.5.6version>
dependency>
代碼如下:
//Basic認(rèn)證
private?static?final?CredentialsProvider?credsProvider?=?new?BasicCredentialsProvider();
//httpClient
private?static?final?CloseableHttpClient?httpclient;
//httpGet方法
private?static?final?HttpGet?httpget;
//
private?static?final?RequestConfig?reqestConfig;
//響應(yīng)處理器
private?static?final?ResponseHandler?responseHandler;
//jackson解析工具
private?static?final?ObjectMapper?mapper?=?new?ObjectMapper();
static?{
????System.setProperty("http.maxConnections","50");
????System.setProperty("http.keepAlive",?"true");
????//設(shè)置basic校驗(yàn)
????credsProvider.setCredentials(
????????????new?AuthScope(AuthScope.ANY_HOST,?AuthScope.ANY_PORT,?AuthScope.ANY_REALM),
????????????new?UsernamePasswordCredentials("",?""));
????//創(chuàng)建http客戶端
????httpclient?=?HttpClients.custom()
????????????.useSystemProperties()
????????????.setRetryHandler(new?DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler(3,true))
????????????.setDefaultCredentialsProvider(credsProvider)
????????????.build();
????//初始化httpGet
????httpget?=?new?HttpGet();
????//初始化HTTP請求配置
????reqestConfig?=?RequestConfig.custom()
????????????.setContentCompressionEnabled(true)
????????????.setSocketTimeout(100)
????????????.setAuthenticationEnabled(true)
????????????.setConnectionRequestTimeout(100)
????????????.setConnectTimeout(100).build();
????httpget.setConfig(reqestConfig);
????//初始化response解析器
????responseHandler?=?new?BasicResponseHandler();
}
/*
?*?功能:返回響應(yīng)
?*?@author?zhangdaquan
?*?@date?2019/1/3?上午11:19
?*?@param?[url]
?*?@return?org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse
?*?@exception
?*/
public?static?String?getResponse(String?url)?throws?IOException?{
????HttpGet?get?=?new?HttpGet(url);
????String?response?=?httpclient.execute(get,responseHandler);
????return?response;
}
?
/*
?*?功能:發(fā)送http請求,并用net.sf.json工具解析
?*?@author?zhangdaquan
?*?@date?2018/8/15?下午2:21
?*?@param?[url]
?*?@return?org.json.JSONObject
?*?@exception
?*/
public?static?JSONObject?getUrl(String?url)?throws?Exception{
????try?{
????????httpget.setURI(URI.create(url));
????????String?response?=?httpclient.execute(httpget,responseHandler);
????????JSONObject?json?=?JSONObject.fromObject(response);
????????return?json;
????}?catch?(IOException?e)?{
????????e.printStackTrace();
????}
????return?null;
}
/*
?*?功能:發(fā)送http請求,并用jackson工具解析
?*?@author?zhangdaquan
?*?@date?2018/12/24?下午2:58
?*?@param?[url]
?*?@return?com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode
?*?@exception
?*/
public?static?JsonNode?getUrl2(String?url){
????try?{
????????httpget.setURI(URI.create(url));
????????String?response?=?httpclient.execute(httpget,responseHandler);
????????JsonNode?node?=?mapper.readTree(response);
????????return?node;
????}?catch?(IOException?e)?{
????????e.printStackTrace();
????}
????return?null;
}
/*
?*?功能:發(fā)送http請求,并用fastjson工具解析
?*?@author?zhangdaquan
?*?@date?2018/12/24?下午2:58
?*?@param?[url]
?*?@return?com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode
?*?@exception
?*/
public?static?com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject?getUrl3(String?url){
????try?{
????????httpget.setURI(URI.create(url));
????????String?response?=?httpclient.execute(httpget,responseHandler);
????????com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject?jsonObject?=?com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject.parseObject(response);
????????return?jsonObject;
????}?catch?(IOException?e)?{
????????e.printStackTrace();
????}
????return?null;
}????
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